Vertigo: What is it and What Causes it?

Feeling dizzy or unsteady every now and then is common, especially as we get older. But when the world feels like it's spinning or moving around you - even when you're standing still - that sensation may be something called vertigo.

Vertigo isn't an illness itself but a symptom of problems with balance, often linked to the inner ear. Understanding what causes it and when to seek help can make managing it easier and safer.

What is vertigo?

Vertigo is the feeling that you, or your surroundings, are spinning or tilting when they're not. It can last for a few seconds or minutes, but for some people, it can come and go over several days.

You might feel:

• A spinning or swaying sensation
• Nausea or vomiting
• Loss of balance or difficulty walking straight
• A feeling of motion even when sitting or lying still

Some people describe it as being pulled to one side or feeling like the floor is moving. 

What causes vertigo?

Vertigo is most often caused by problems with the inner ear, which plays an important role in controlling balance. The most common causes include:

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

This happens when tiny calcium crystals in the inner ear move into the wrong part of the balance canal. It often causes brief spells of dizziness when you move your head - for example, when turning over in bed or looking up.

Labyrinthitis or Vestibular Neuritis

These are infections (often viral) that cause inflammation in the inner ear or the nerve connecting it to the brain. They can lead to sudden vertigo, balance problems and sometimes hearing loss.

Ménière’s Disease

A less common cause of vertigo, often linked with hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus) and a feeling of fullness in one ear.

Other possible causes

Vertigo can also occur due to:

• Head injuries
• Certain medications
• Migraines
• Problems affecting blood flow to the brain

Sometimes, the cause isn't clear, but many people recover naturally as the brain learns to adapt. 

When to seek help

You should speak to a GP if:

• Vertigo keeps coming back
• It last for more than a few days
• You have hearing loss, ringing in the ears or ear pain
• You've had a recent cold or infection
• It's affecting your confidence or causing you to fall

If you experience sudden hearing loss, double vision, weakness or difficulty speaking, seek medical attention immediately - these symptoms need urgent attention.

Managing and preventing vertigo

Most causes of vertigo improve over time, especially with the right support. Your GP may suggest specific balance exercises or refer you to a specialist for treatment.

At home, you can help by:

• Moving slowly and carefully when changing position
• Avoiding sudden head movements
• Keeping your home well-lit and free from trip hazards
• Using a stable walking aid if needed

Because hearing and vision play a key role in balance, keeping both regularly checked can also reduce your risk of falls.